Iranian Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion Iranian Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion 2345-346X 2345-3265 4 4 2017 1 1 The Effect of Educational Intervention Based on PRECEDE-PROCEED Model on the Life Quality of Women-Headed Households Covered By Tehran Welfare Organization 259 270 FA Mahnaz Solhi Department of Health Services and Health Education, School of Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran solhi.m@iums.ac.ir N Marzieh Shabani Hamedan Department of Biostatistics,School of health, Iran University of Medical Sciences a.jshabani@gmail.com Y Masoud Salehi Department of Biostatistics,School of health, Iran University of Medical Sciences salehi.m@iums.ac.ir N 10.18869/acadpub.ihepsaj.4.4.259 Background and objective: The women-headed households are more susceptible to social damages than other women. Such condition remarkably influences the women’s health-related life quality. The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of the educational intervention based on PRECEDE-PROCEED model on the quality of life in women-headed households covered by the Tehran Welfare Organization. Materials and methods: About 180 household-head women, from among the women under the protection of Tehran Welfare Organization, participated in this quasi experimental witnessed study. Sampling was done through multistage random sampling method. Instruments used for gathering data included life quality standard questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF) and a researcher-made questionnaire about the structures of ecologic and educational diagnosis phase of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model whose validity and reliability were approved in the primary study. Based on the results obtained from the primary filling of the questionnaire, the appropriate educational intervention was designed and performed in the case group. One month and three months after the intervention, data were analyzed by SPSS 15 using the descriptive (the mean, SD, frequency and percentage) and analytical tests (t, Mann–Whitney, Chi Square, ANOVA with repeated measures, and Freedman tests). Results: Before intervention no significant difference was observed between the mean scores of the life quality, behavioral factors, and knowledge, enabling, and reinforcing factors among the two groups. But one month and three months after intervention a significant difference was observed between the mean score of the life quality (p = 0.001), behavioral factors (p = 0.001), and knowledge (p = 0.001), enabling (p < 0.001), and reinforcing factors (p = 0.001) in the two groups. Conclusion: Educational intervention through the PRECEDE-PROCEED model effects the women-headed households’ quality of life improvement. : Quality of life, headed household, PRECEDE-PROCEED model, ecological and educational assessment. http://journal.ihepsa.ir/article-1-498-en.html http://journal.ihepsa.ir/article-1-498-en.pdf

Iranian Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion Iranian Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion 2345-346X 2345-3265 4 4 2017 1 1 The Impact of Education Based on Health Belief Model on Mammography among Bushehrian Teachers 271 280 FA Esmat Heydari Bushehr University of Medical Sciences heydari@yahoo.com N Azita Noroozi Bushehr University of Medical Sciences azitanoroozi@yahoo.com Y Rahim Tahmasebi Bushehr University of Medical Sciences rahimtahmasebi@yahoo.com N 10.18869/acadpub.ihepsaj.4.4.271 Background and objective: Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women. One of the ways to decrease the death due to breast cancer is early detection through mammography. This study considered the impact of education based on Health Belief Model (HBM) on teachers using mammography in Bushehr. Materials and methods: The current study was a random clinical trial which included of 120 teachers over 40 years old. The teachers were randomly divided in two groups. The teachers of intervention group received two sessions education based on HBM. Both groups fill out the Champion Questionnaire before, immediately and three months after education. Mammography performance considered before and three months after study in two groups. Results: The comparison of mean scores of constructs between two groups showed significant difference in knowledge, perceived benefits, perceived barriers and health motivation (p< 0.05), but there was no significant difference in perceived susceptibility and severity (p> 0.05). Mammography performance increased significantly in the intervention group (p<0.001). Conclusion: Group education with limited sessions had desirable effect in increasing knowledge of teachers about breast cancer and mammography performance. So, it is recommended to design and perform the group education programs based on HBM for women from different groups. Paper Type: Research Article. Mammography, Breast Cancer, Health Belief Model, Group Education, Teachers http://journal.ihepsa.ir/article-1-384-en.html http://journal.ihepsa.ir/article-1-384-en.pdf

Iranian Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion Iranian Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion 2345-346X 2345-3265 4 4 2017 1 1 Preventive Behaviors of Brucellosis in Khash City Ranchers Based on Health Belief Model 281 288 FA Madineh Shahnavazi Zahedan University of Medical Sciences madinehshahnavazi@yahoo.com Y Masoudi Gholamreza Zahedan University of Medical Sciences Masoudy55@yahoo.com N Alireza Ansari-Moghadam Zahedan University of Medical Sciences Ansarialireza@yahoo.com N Davood Raeisy Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences xiii1368@gmail.com N Fariba Varnamkhasti Khashei Zahedan University of Medical Sciences faribakhashri@yahoo.com N 10.18869/acadpub.ihepsaj.4.4.281 Background and objective: Brucellosis is one of the most common zoonosis diseases more prevalent in Iran, especially in Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. This study was aimed to assess factors influencing the behavior based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) among ranchers in Khash city, Iran. Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional study 200 rural ranchers of the Khash city were selected through randomized multistage sampling method from health centers. Data were collected through a researcher-made questionnaire with approved validity and reliability. In this study the role of awareness and health belief model constructs (perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers and perceived self-efficacy) for the prognosis and implementation of rubella preventive behaviors were studied and analyzed. Data was analyzed using SPSS 18 and Pearson correlation coefficient for determining the relations of constructs and behaviors and linear regression test to determine the prediction of constructs on behavior. Results: The mean age of ranchers was 44±16; 53% of participants were male and 44.5% were illiterate. The mean age of knowledge of the participants was 33 ± 6.5. Between the knowledge, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits and perceived self-efficacy and behavior there was a positive and significant association, but between the perceived barriers and behavior was a negative and significant association. Furthermore, results showed that self-efficacy and perceived benefits were the behaviors’ predictors. Conclusion: Self-efficacy and perceived benefits were the strongest predictor of behavior. Educational programs based on the health belief model are recommended with an emphasis on increasing self-efficacy and perceived benefits to improve behavior. Paper Type: Research Article. Preventive behavior, Brucellosis, Health Belief Model (HBM), Ranchers’ health, Khash. http://journal.ihepsa.ir/article-1-484-en.html http://journal.ihepsa.ir/article-1-484-en.pdf

Iranian Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion Iranian Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion 2345-346X 2345-3265 4 4 2017 1 1 Evaluating the Mediator Role of Marital Adjustment in Relation to Prediction of Physical and Mental Health among Primary School Married Teachers 289 299 FA Hadi Salimi PhD Candidate in Counseling, Faculty of Humanities, Hormozgan University, Bandar Abbas hadisalimi69@yahoo.com Y Kobra Haji Alizadeh Bandar Abbas Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bandar Abbas farshadm56@gmail.com N Samira Sedaghat Ghotbabadi Dept. of Psychology, Bandar Abbas Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bandar Abbas amnazariy@yahoo.com N Farzad Nikrouy Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Shiraz University saher69x@yahoo.com N 10.18869/acadpub.ihepsaj.4.4.289 Background and objective: Health undoubtedly is the most important aspect of human life and various factors in person and family can have a key role in this issue.  Therefore, this study was done aimed to evaluate the mediator role of marital adjustment in relation to prediction of physical and mental health based on decision-making and problem-solving, family solidarity, family financial sources and family social prestige. Materials and methods: Research method was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population was all the married elementary schools teachers in Karaj city in 2014-2015 academic year in which 358 people were selected as the sample through random cluster sampling based on the Morgan table. To collect the data Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS), Family Process Scale (SFPS) and Family Content Scale (SFCS) were used. The data was analyzed with Pearson correlation and path analysis using SPSS-22 and Amos-23 software. Results: Pearson correlation results showed that there was a significant relationship between research variables. Path analysis results showed that decision-making and problem-solving and family solidarity in addition to direct effects on physical and mental health, indirectly and through the mediating role of marital adjustment effect on physical and mental health. The financial resources were indirectly effective through the mediating role of marital adjustment on physical and mental health and had no significant direct effect. Also, social prestige had a direct impact on physical and mental health and its indirect effect was not significant. Conclusion: The proposed model of marital adjustment, decision-making and problem-solving, family solidarity, financial resources and social prestige had the ability to the prediction of physical and mental health. Paper Type: Research Article. Health, Marital status, Problem-solving, Social class, Family, Elementary school teachers, Karaj. http://journal.ihepsa.ir/article-1-284-en.html http://journal.ihepsa.ir/article-1-284-en.pdf

Iranian Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion Iranian Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion 2345-346X 2345-3265 4 4 2017 1 1 The Effect of an Educational Intervention Based on Health Belief Model on Improving Smoking Preventive Behaviors among Students 300 308 FA Maryam Khazaee-Pool , Zanjan University of Medical Sciences khazaie_m@yahoo.com N Fatemeh Zarei , Zanjan University of Medical Sciences saraz19feb@gmail.com N Tahereh Pashaei Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences pashaeit@gmail.com N Davoud Shojaeizadeh Tehran University of Medical Sciences shojae5@yahoo.com Y 10.18869/acadpub.ihepsaj.4.4.300 Background and objective: Smoking is a common health problem which has involved many young people in the society. This study was done to assess the effect of a health education program considered based on the health belief model (HBM) to improve smoking preventive behaviors among 3rd-grade high school students in Nowshahr city, north of Iran. Materials and methods: This study was a quasi-experimental study in was performed on 280 male students of 3rd-grade high schools of Nowshahr city; they were randomly allocated into experimental and control groups. Data was collected through a researcher-made questionnaire including 40 questions based on health belief model (perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits and perceived barriers to smoking, and cues to action) and preventive behaviours of smoking. After data collection in the first phase, health educational intervention was implemented in the second phase. Data was analyzed using SPSS 18 with descriptive and inferential (Chi Square, independent t and pair t) tests. Results: The mean score of all HBM constructs in experimental group after applying health educational intervention compared with before the implementing the intervention was significantly different (p ˂ 0.05). Moreover, the mean score of all parts of HBM constructs after the intervention was significantly increased in the experimental group compared with the control group (p ˂ 0.05). Conclusion: Implementing smoking preventive actions is effective on smoking preventive behaviors among high school students. Therefore, smoking prevention programs should be started before and during the high school period. Paper Type: Research Article. Health Belief Model (HBM), Smoking Prevention, High School Students, Health Education, Nowshahr. http://journal.ihepsa.ir/article-1-490-en.html http://journal.ihepsa.ir/article-1-490-en.pdf

Iranian Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion Iranian Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion 2345-346X 2345-3265 4 4 2017 1 1 The Effect of a Social Cognitive Theory-based Educational Intervention on the Physical Activity of Female Adolescents 309 318 FA Hossein Shirvani Exercise Physiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran shirvani.h2006@gmail.com N Hormoz Sanaeinasab Health Education Department, School of Health, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. sanaei1343@gmail.com N Reza Tavakoli Science & Research Branch, School of Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran shirvani@bmsu.ac.ir N Mohsen Saffari Health Education Depa shirvani122@yahoo.com N kazem Khalaji Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, School of Health, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran gentellman1982@yahoo.com N Sara Me’mar Health Education Department, School of Health, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran eprc.bmsu@yahoo.com Y 10.18869/acadpub.ihepsaj.4.4.309 Background and objective: Reports have revealed a growing tendency towards sedentary lifestyles in all age groups, especially among female adolescents. This study aimed to determine the influence of a social cognitive theory (SCT)-based educational intervention on the physical activity of secondary school students in 2013. Materials and methods: This randomized, controlled field trial was conducted on 132 second- and third-year high school female students. The subjects were divided into control and intervention groups- 68 students with an average of 13 ± 1 years of age in each group. Data collection tools included demographic, physical activity, and SCT-based questionnaires. For data analysis, descriptive statistics were calculated and regression test was performed using SPSS 22 through descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression with 95% confidence interval. Results: In the intervention group, a significant increase was observed in the mean scores of selected SCT concepts (environmental factors, behavioral capacity, outcome expectation, expectancies, observational learning, reinforcement, and self-efficacy), affecting physical activity (p < 0.001). Multiple linear regression in the intervention group showed that daily and weekly physical activity increased to 70.14 and 263.34 minutes, respectively. Conclusion: SCT-based educational intervention has a positive impact on the physical activity of female adolescents. Paper Type: Research Article. Social Cognitive Theory (STC), High school students, Education, Physical activity, Tehran. http://journal.ihepsa.ir/article-1-546-en.html http://journal.ihepsa.ir/article-1-546-en.pdf

Iranian Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion Iranian Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion 2345-346X 2345-3265 4 4 2017 1 1 Relationship between Anthropometric Characteristics with Social Physique Anxiety among Alzahra University Staff 319 328 FA Parvaneh Nazarali alzahra university ramezankhaniazam@gmail.com Y Azam Ramezankhani tehran university azam2910@yahoo.com N 10.18869/acadpub.ihepsaj.4.4.319 Background and objective: Obesity is one of the problems that threaten the public health. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between anthropometric characteristics with social physique anxiety (SPA) in Alzahra University Staff. Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional study, 135 female staff of Alzahra University participated in this study. Motl and Conroy 7-item Social physique questionnaire was used in this study. Anthropometric characteristics were assessed with Body Analyzer. Data was analyzed with Pearson correlation using SPSS16 (p < 0.05). Results: Pearson correlation showed a significant positive correlation between body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, hip circumference, waist-hip ratio (WHR), body fat mass with social physique anxiety.   Conclusion: There was a positive relationship between anthropometric characteristics with social physique anxiety among Alzahra University Staff. Therefore, obesity is considered an important factor in increasing social physique anxiety. Paper Type: Research Article. Social Physique Anxiety (SPA), Body Mass Index (BMN), Fat mass, Waist-hip ratio (WHR), Alzahra University, Tehran. http://journal.ihepsa.ir/article-1-589-en.html http://journal.ihepsa.ir/article-1-589-en.pdf

Iranian Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion Iranian Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion 2345-346X 2345-3265 4 4 2017 1 1 The Role of Educational Planner in E-Learning Process Improvement: Developing Teaching Strategies, Teachers’ Rolls, Concept, and Evaluation System 329 338 FA Davood Abdollahi Faculty member of Azad University Yadegar-e- Emam Branch abdollahi_d46@yhaoo.com Y 10.18869/acadpub.ihepsaj.4.4.329 Background and objective: There are some important factors in educational virtual environment that need a systemic perspective which pedagogical aspect is more important than the other aspects of educational system. Thus, using educational components in a correct way can be led to success of virtual education and e-learning. Materials and methods: To do this study it is used descriptive method. It is used a research made questionnaire (with Cronbach's alpha= .902) and the opinions of virtual education experts in the world and also it is used Delphi technique to data collection. Out of 1076 e-mail address, which is found through websites and scientific journals and after sending several emails, finally 200 responders tended to collaboration. Out of 73 initial components 52 components via expert opinion is remained. They were analyzed using SPSS software through factor analysis. 0ut of 52 factors only 4 factor can explain variances. Results: It is found 4 main pedagogical factors including Digital Concepts including, teacher Roles and competences, Evaluation including, teaching strategies. Conclusion: It is generally found 39 subcomponents about these 4 pedagogical aspects in virtual education. Including Digital Concepts including 10 subcomponents, teacher Roles and competences including 14 subcomponents, Evaluation including 10 subcomponents, teaching strategies including 5 subcomponents. They are still in neonatal stage of development. Paper Type: Research Article. Medical Education, Virtual Education, E-learning, Educational Planning http://journal.ihepsa.ir/article-1-434-en.html http://journal.ihepsa.ir/article-1-434-en.pdf