Iranian Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion Iranian Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion 2345-346X 2345-3265 11 2 2023 6 1 Examining the psychometric properties, factor structure and validity of the driving risk perception scale based on the protection motivation theory and fatal factors in young drivers as a mediator in the risky driving behavior model: in the path analysis study 109 126 FA Fatemeh Farzadi Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz fatemehfarzadi@ymail.com N 0000-0001-5436-1889 Gholamhossein Maktabi Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz ghmaktabi@scu.ac.ir Y 0000-0002-0121-3775 Ahmad Moradi Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz ahmadmoradi@yahoo.com N 0000-0002-8072-9576 10.22034/11.2.109 Background and Objectives: The possible effects on risky driving of young drivers such as age and gender cannot be changed, however, to know the interventions to reduce risky driving behaviors, young drivers, examining psychological variables can be helpful. Coping appraisal and threat appraisal variables from protection motivation theory can help to understand young drivers' decision-making for risky driving behavior. Materials and Methods: This research consists of two parts. The first part was to investigate the psychometric properties of risk perception scale in young drivers based on the theory of protection motivation. For instrument validity, content validity with the opinion of 11 experts, face validity, construct validity (confirmatory factor analysis) and convergent validity were used, and its reliability was checked by internal consistency method (Cronbach's alpha). And the second part was conducted in the form of route analysis to investigate the decision-making model of young drivers to carry out risky driving behavior. The present sample consisted of 350 young drivers of Ahvaz city, who were selected by available and voluntary sampling method. Subjects responded to driving risk perception questionnaires based on protection motivation for 5 fatal factors, driving risk perception and risky driving behavior. The current questionnaire contains 30 items, which include two subscales: confrontational assessment and threat assessment. Results: After going through the validity and reliability stages of the questionnaire, from the initial 30 questions, 3 questions were removed in the form and content validity check stages, and finally 27 questions remained. Examining the results of construct validity using confirmatory factor analysis showed (RMSEA=0.07) and χ2/df=2.76 (p<0.001). The reliability of the instrument was obtained using internal consistency (0.92-0.95). In the second part of the research, using path analysis, the relationship between coping evaluation variables and threat evaluation with risky driving behavior of young drivers was modeled with the mediation of perceived risk in two models of inconsistent and protective decision making. Both maladaptive and protective models showed a good fit with the data (RMSEA=0.04 and RMSEA=0.06). The threat assessment model was able to explain about 50% of the variance of perceived risk and the general model about 30% of the variance of risky driving behavior. In addition, in this model, the path between perceived severity and perceived risk had the highest relationship value (β=0.56). In the second model, i.e. protective path, coping evaluation explained 14% of the variance of perceived risk and the overall model explained 34% of the variance of risky driving behaviors. Also, in the protective pathway model, the relationship between response costs and perceived risk was the highest (β=-0.55). An interesting result in this study was the mediation of perceived risk between reward and response costs with risky driving behavior. Conclusions: the scale of risk perception in young drivers based on the theory of protection motivation as a reliable and valid tool can be used together with other psychological investigations and high-risk behaviors of drivers and our insight about the influencing factors on how young drivers make decisions to design interventions in to improve their driving safety. Also, examining the relationships between variables in the form of path analysis helps us understand the factors that encourage young drivers to engage in risky driving behaviors (threat-inconsistent path) and why young novice drivers may decide not to engage in risky driving (protective path) it helps.   Protection motivation Theory-Response Efficacy-Response costs-perceived risk-risky driving http://journal.ihepsa.ir/article-1-2283-en.html http://journal.ihepsa.ir/article-1-2283-en.pdf

Iranian Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion Iranian Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion 2345-346X 2345-3265 11 2 2023 6 1 Applying the Social Cognitive Theory for predicting the related factors to mental health of middle-age women referring to comprehensive health services centers 127 140 FA Fataneh Bakhshi Guilan University of Medical Sciences bakhshi88@gmail.com N 0000-0002-0192-1552 Abolhasan Afkar Guilan University of Medical Sciences hasanafkar@yahoo.com N 0000-0003-2641-8221 Saeed Omidi Guilan University of Medical Sciences saeedomidi@gums.ac.ir N 0000-0001-7024-1625 Rabiollah Farmanbar Guilan University of Medical Sciences farmanbar@gums.ac.ir N 0000-0002-7220-688X Narjes Nikpey Guilan University of Medical Sciences n.nikpey1994@gmail.com Y 0000-0001-5307-7747 Asyeh Akbari Guilan University of Medical Sciences asyeh.akbary95@gmail.com N 0000-0002-4133-6657 10.22034/11.2.127 Background and Object: Mental health as one of the dimensions of health is especially important in middle-aged women. The aim of this study was to determine the factors related to mental health based on social cognitive theory in middle-aged women referring to the comprehensive health service centers in 2019. Materials and Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on 438 middle-aged women referring to three comprehensive health service centers by random sampling in 2019. The questionnaire used consisted of three sections: demographic characteristics, mental health and the structure of social cognitive theory. Data were analyzed in SPSS version 18 software using descriptive and inferential statistical tests. Results: The structures of self-efficacy (p-value < 0/001, β = -0/62), social support (p-value = 0/002, β=-0/12) and self-control (p-value=0/001, β = -0/17) showed a significant and inverse relationship with mental health. According to the results, social cognitive theory constructs were able to significantly explain the mental health of the studied women and predict 61% of their mental health changes. Conclusion: Based on the findings of the present study, self-efficacy and social support were the main determinants of mental health in middle-aged women, therefore, in planning interventions to improve the mental health of this group, more emphasis can be placed on strategies to improve the aforementioned structures.   mental health, women, middle- age, social cognitive theory http://journal.ihepsa.ir/article-1-2220-en.html http://journal.ihepsa.ir/article-1-2220-en.pdf

Iranian Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion Iranian Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion 2345-346X 2345-3265 11 2 2023 6 1 Health Messages Effectiveness on Instagram: The Role of Source, Message Framing, Involvement and Social Support 141 153 FA Abbas Ghanbari Baghestan ghanbari.abbas@ut.ac.ir N Farideh Afshani Faculty Social Sciences, University of Tehran faridehafshani@gmail.com Y Masoud Kousari Faculty Social Sciences, University of Tehran mkousari@ut.ac.ir N 10.22034/11.2.141 Background and Object: Strengthening healthy lifestyle adherence through self-care approach requires to consider information seeking behavior of audience. However, the popularity, facilities, and easy access to online resources have led to the dissemination and sharing inaccurate information, which is caused to more challenges in evaluating the accuracy of these messages. The present study tried to identify effectiveness components of health messages on Instagram. Materials and Methods: The study conducted an experimental research design by intervention in the characteristics of the source (credibility/likeability), message framing (gain/loss), involvement (high/low) and social support (absent/present) among 442 participants. All intervention groups randomized and participants after exposure with one of the 16 Instagram posts answered questions regarding demographics, independent variables, acceptance, behavioral intention and sharing.   Results: Analyzing data revealed that source credibility (b = 0.33), involvement (b = 0.25) and source likeability (b = 0.16), respectively have the greatest effect on message acceptance. Also, despite of non-significant difference between accepting the loss or gain frames (P = 0.08), the moderating effect of involvement levels (F (1, 438) = 6.04, p = 0.01, η2p = 0.014) confirms that participants with low involvement find the gain-framed message more convincing. In addition, the acceptance of the message could predict a positive relationship with behavioral intention (b = 0.52) and sharing (b = 0.45). Conclusion: As a result, it is suggested that by planning effective communication strategies, along with the role of heuristic cues such as social support or source credibility in low involvement issues, tries to enhance the coordination between community health priorities and individuals’ health needs.   Persuasive Communication, Infodemic, Social Support, Message Framing, Source Credibility http://journal.ihepsa.ir/article-1-2197-en.html http://journal.ihepsa.ir/article-1-2197-en.pdf

Iranian Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion Iranian Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion 2345-346X 2345-3265 11 2 2023 6 1 The effect of educational intervention based on the theory of planned behavior on the incidence of urinary tract infection and its preventive behaviors in pregnant women referred to comprehensive health services centers in Rafsanjan 154 167 FA Masoumeh Mohseni Student Research Committee, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran. masoumeh63mohseni@gmail.com N 0000-0001-7947-4011 Mehdi Abdolkarimi Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran. mahdi_13581@yahoo.com N 0000-0002-2781-2821 Marzieh Loripoor Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran. Marzeyehloripoor@yahoo.com N 0000-0002-5063-4357 Mostafa Nasirzadeh Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran. mnasirzadeh13@yahoo.com Y 0000-0003-0934-4697 10.22034/11.2.154 Background and Objective: Considering the importance and role of education in the diseases prevention, especially infections, this study was designed and implemented with the aim of determining the effect of an educational intervention based on the theory of planned behavior on the incidence of urinary tract infections and its preventive behaviors in pregnant women in Rafsanjan. Materials and Methods: The quasi -experimental study was conducted among 95 pregnant women in the first trimester in two groups (intervention 48 and control 47) by random cluster sampling method in 2021-22. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire based on the theory of planned behavior and urine culture test in two stages. The training program was conducted virtually through the WhatsApp social channel for one month, twice a week. Data analysis was done by SPSS version 20 software and independent t, paired t, chi-square and covariance analysis at a significance level of 0.05. Results: Covariance analysis showed a significant difference between the mean score of knowledge, attitude and behavior of the two groups three months after the intervention (p<0.05). Three months after the implementation of the educational program, the result of the urine culture test of three pregnant women in the control group was positive, while in the intervention group, no positive cases were observed (p=0.038). Conclusion: The educational program had a significant effect on the incidence of urinary tract infections in pregnant women. However, due to the lack of impact on the constructs of subjective norms and perceived behavioral control, it is suggested that one of the most important members of the family be involved in intervention programs in future interventions.   Education, Behavior, Urinary Tract Infections, Pregnant Women. http://journal.ihepsa.ir/article-1-2288-en.html http://journal.ihepsa.ir/article-1-2288-en.pdf

Iranian Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion Iranian Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion 2345-346X 2345-3265 11 2 2023 6 1 Investigating the effectiveness of the educational intervention based on the health belief model on the preventive behaviors of covid-19 in bank employees 168 178 FA Nooshin Yoshany Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences nooshin.yoshany@yahoo.com N 0000-0003-2955-400x sara jambarsang Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences s.jambarsang@gmail.com Y 0000-0002-8295-7812 Mohammad Sharifyazdi Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences chief.sharif@gmail.com N 0000-0003-3243-3364 Seyed-saeed Mazloomy-mahmoodabad Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences mazloomy.mm@gmail.com N 0000-0002-3301-3305 Saeedeh Sadeghi Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences mahlasadeghi1385@yahoo.com N 0000-0003-4607-7217 10.22034/11.2.168 Background and Objective: Bank employees are one of the groups at risk of covid-19 after the medical staff. One of the effective models in the field of preventive behaviors against contracting Covid-19 is the health belief model. This study was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of educational intervention in the prevention of covid-19 based on the health belief model among the employees of Yazd Bank. Materials and methods: The present intervention type study (intervention and control group) was conducted in 1400 on 106 employees of the National Bank of Yazd. Two WhatsApp groups were formed. Questionnaire links were sent to both groups. The questionnaire used in this study was the standardized questionnaire in the study of Delshad et al. For the intervention group, educational content based on the constructs of the health belief model was prepared in the form of pamphlets, educational clips, info graphics, podcasts, and educational messages and sent in the virtual group (WhatsApp and Yes). Three weeks after the completion of the training program, the link to the questionnaire was again sent to both groups. The data was analyzed using SPSS software. Results: All constructs of the health belief model were significantly different in the intervention group after the implementation of the educational intervention (p<0.005). After the implementation of the educational intervention, the preventive behaviors against contracting Covid-19 improved significantly (p<0.005). The most significant increase is related to the structure of behavior, where the mean (standard deviation) of the behavior score in the intervention group before the implementation of the educational intervention was 23.94±6.21, and 3 weeks after the implementation of the educational intervention, it was 20.91±3.91 44 increased Conclusion: Considering the positive impact of the health belief model on preventive behaviors against contracting Covid-19, it is suggested to use the mentioned model in the educational planning of Covid-19.   Covid-19, bank, education, health belief model, educational program, prevention http://journal.ihepsa.ir/article-1-2250-en.html http://journal.ihepsa.ir/article-1-2250-en.pdf

Iranian Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion Iranian Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion 2345-346X 2345-3265 11 2 2023 6 1 Investigating the effect of educational intervention based on The theory of planned behavior on the behavior of household waste segregation among households in Nowshahr 179 191 FA Masoumeh Jafarzadeh Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences masomehjafarzadeh@yahoo.com N Peigham Heidarpoor Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Peigham.heidarpoor@yahoo.com Y Tayebeh Rakhshani Shiraz University of Medical Sciences trakhshani@gmail.com N 10.22034/11.2.179 Background and Objective: The research was carried out to empower housewives in waste separation as a result of the ever-increasing waste caused by industrial life and its short-term and long-term damaging effects on the environment. Materials and methods: This research was conducted by a semi-experimental intervention method on 60 people (30 intervention group and 30 control group) homemakers of Nowshahr city, who were randomly divided into two intervention and control groups. Face-to-face intervention was conducted over a month with four sessions. The data collection tool was a standard questionnaire containing 22 questions based on the theory of planned behavior. The data were analyzed in two stages the preliminary test and three months after the intervention of the training program through SPSS22 software. Results: The average age of the participants in the intervention group was 34.7 and in the control group was 34.2. Independent t-tests did not show a significant difference between the intervention and control groups before the educational intervention, but three months after the educational intervention, the average structures of the theory of planned behavior were significantly different except for the structure of subjective norms (p<0.05), indicating that the average of these structures had increased over time in both groups. Conclusion: The training program based on the theory of planned behavior is effective in improving the behavior of waste separation. Therefore, educational programs regarding the separation of waste from the source should be based on scientific theories and appropriate educational methods for the target group.   Waste Management, Environment and Public Health, Behavior, Households http://journal.ihepsa.ir/article-1-2238-en.html http://journal.ihepsa.ir/article-1-2238-en.pdf

Iranian Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion Iranian Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion 2345-346X 2345-3265 11 2 2023 6 1 Exploring factors affecting the community participation in the management of the Covid-19 crisis 192 214 FA Maryam Khazaee-Pool Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences khazaie_m@yahoo.com Y 0000-0002-2587-3460 Seyed Abolhassan Naghibi Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences anaghibi1345@yahoo.com N 0000-0003-2095-6694 Tahereh Pashaei Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences pashaeit@gmail.com N 0000-0001-7845-289X 10.22034/11.2.192 Background and Object: Considering the high prevalence of covid-19 in the Iran and generally in Mazandaran province, the most important strategy for managing the crisis is the participation of citizens in different dimensions. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of identifying and analyzing the factors affecting the level of community participation in the management of the Covid-19 crisis, which can be a road map for future planning in managing similar crises. Materials and Methods: The present study was performed with a qualitative approach using content analysis by the conventional method in Mazandaran province. The data were collected through in depth semi structured interviews with 34 participants through a purposeful sampling method and analyzed simultaneously. Results: From data analysis, 3 main themes including 1) beliefs and attitudes with 3 sub-themes of perceived threat, perceived fear and anxiety, and perceived self-efficacy, 2) the main theme of drivers/facilitators with 9 sub-themes of informing, culture building and networking, capacity building/ jihadi and voluntary actions, inter-sectoral coordination, social trust, social responsibility, social resilience, compensatory/financial policies of the government and strategies for changing processes and policies in crisis management, and 3) and the main theme of barriers and challenges of community participation with 5 sub-themes of psychological challenges, social/cultural challenges, economic challenges, health challenges and management challenges is extracted. Conclusion: The themes discovered based on the viewpoints of the Mazandarani citizens obtained valuable information about the factors affecting the level of community participation in the management of the Covid-19 crisis, which can be taken into account in planning and preventive measures.   Community Involvement, COVID-19, Risk management. http://journal.ihepsa.ir/article-1-2252-en.html http://journal.ihepsa.ir/article-1-2252-en.pdf

Iranian Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion Iranian Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion 2345-346X 2345-3265 11 2 2023 6 1 Investigating the effect of educational intervention based on the health belief model on beliefs related to the prevention of dyslipidemia in women 215 224 FA Tooba Kazemi Birjand university of Medical Science drtooba.kazemi@gmail.com N 0000-0002-2977-4320 Mitra Moodi Birjand University of Medical Sciences mitra_m2561@yahoo.com N 0000-0002-2977-4320 zahra Vahdaninya birjand university of Medical Science vahdane@bums.ac.ir N 0000-0002-2977-4320 Fatemeh Khosravi Chahak Birjand university Of Medical Science fkhosravi4927@bums.ac.ir N 0000-0002-2977-4320 Elahe Tavassoli Shahrekord university medical science Tavassoli.eb@gmail.com N 0000-0002-0839-2040 Saeede Khosravi Pizhaem Birjand university Of Medical Science saeede_khosravi4927@bums.ac.ir N 0002-0002-2977-4320 Masome Yonesi Birjand university Of Medical Science m.yonesi1980@gmail.com N 0000-0002-2977-4320 Fatemeh Baghernezhad Birjand university Of Medical Science ftbagher@gmail.com Y 0000-0002-2977-4320 10.22034/11.2.215 Background and objectives: Dyslipidemia is one of the most common modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. One of the most important strategies for controlling dyslipidemia is improving lifestyle. This study was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of educational intervention on beliefs related to the prevention of dyslipidemia in women. Material and Methods: The current study is a semi-experimental type that was conducted on 80 women who referred to comprehensive health service centers in Tabas city. Sampling was done in several stages. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire that was completed before and one month after the intervention. The educational intervention based on the health belief model included two group training sessions and presentation of an educational booklet. Data was collected based on SPSS software version 21 and analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistical tests. The significance level of the tests was considered less than 0. 05. Results: The average score of perceived intensity in the test group after the intervention has increased significantly compared to the control group and the average score has increased from 12.45 to 13.13(p=0.003). The average score of perceived barriers in the test group has also decreased from 29.62 to 27.44(p=0/011). The average perceived self-efficacy score in the test group increased from 30.18 to 32.16, which was a significant increase compared to the control group(p=0/019). Conclusion: Considering the effect of the intervention on improving some constructs such as perceived severity, perceived barriers, self-efficacy, it can be concluded that the educational intervention based on the health belief model can be effective in promoting beliefs related to preventive behaviors of dyslipidemia.   dyslipidemia, health belief model, educational intervention http://journal.ihepsa.ir/article-1-2347-en.html http://journal.ihepsa.ir/article-1-2347-en.pdf